Showing posts with label Historic Events. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Historic Events. Show all posts

1971 WAR: VICTORIOUS INDIA

 

1971 WAR: VICTORIOUS INDIA

BRIEF SUMMARY:

War of Liberation, it began on 26 March 1971 and ended with the liberation of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971. The armed struggle was the culmination of a series of events, situations and issues contributing to the progressively deteriorating relations between East and West Pakistan. The questions of land reforms, state language, inter-wing economic and administrative disparities, provincial autonomy, the defense of East Pakistan and many other consequential questions had been straining the relations between the two wings of Pakistan ever since independence of the country from Britain in 1947.

pakistani general surrendering

The general elections of 1970 had made Bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman, chief of awami league which bagged 167 seats out of 169, the sole spokesman of the people of East Pakistan and majority leader in the Pakistan National Assembly. But the Pakistan civil and military ruling clique had refused to transfer power to the majority leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his party. Sheikh Mujib also refused to yield to the pressure put on him for undue accommodation. Sheikh Mujib's historic address on 7 March 1971 made this point quite clear to the Pakistani military junta. Then began the civil disobedience movement. Meanwhile talks started between Sheikh Mujib and President Yahya Khan to resolve the outstanding issues.

While holding talks, the Pakistani military junta was bringing more troops to Bangladesh, and at the same time wantonly killing innocent civilians all over the country. This clearly showed that they were totally insincere about handing over power to the elected representatives of East Pakistan. No sooner the talks failed, the genocide began with the Pakistan army's crackdown on the people of East Pakistan on the midnight of 25 March 1971. The Bangali soldiers serving in the then Pakistan Armed Forces and para militia forces declared instantly their solidarity with the people's liberation war.

1971 WAR: VICTORIOUS INDIA

Why did the 1971 war happen?

The conflict was a result of the Bangladesh Liberation war, when Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) was fighting to seek freedom from (West) Pakistan. In 1971, Pakistani Army began to commit the barbaric genocide on innocent Bengali population, particularly the minority Hindu population in East Pakistan.

The hostilities between India and Pakistan formally began on December 3, 1971, when the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), launched pre-emptive air strikes on 11 Indian airfields. Addressing the nation the same evening, PM Indira Gandhi called the air strikes “declaration of war against India.” 4.

Who started the 1971 war

The hostilities between India and Pakistan formally began on December 3, 1971, when the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), launched pre-emptive air strikes on 11 Indian airfields. Addressing the nation the same evening, PM Indira Gandhi called the air strikes “declaration of war against India.” 4.

1971 WAR: VICTORIOUS INDIA

HOW THE WAR STARTED

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India's Mitro bahini forces and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca (Dhaka) on 16 December 1971. The war began with Operation Chengiz Khan's preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations, which led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war for independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces. Lasting just 13 days, it is one of the shortest wars in history.

It is estimated that members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians in Bangladesh. As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek refuge in India.

During the 1971 Bangladesh war for independence, members of the Pakistani military and supporting Islamist militias called the Razakars raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women and girls in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape.

DID SOMEONE HELPED INDIA IN 1971 WAR:

Israel helped India in 1971 war, reveals book

India may not have had diplomatic ties with Israel but New Delhi quietly sought and got arms from Tel Aviv as it prepared to go to war with Pakistan in 1971, a book has revealed. Saikat Datta reports.

India may not have had diplomatic ties with Israel but New Delhi quietly sought and got arms from Tel Aviv as it prepared to go to war with Pakistan in 1971, a book has revealed.

The book, 1971, by scholar Srinath Raghavan offers fresh insights into the 14-day war that led to the creation of Bangladesh.

Raghavan accessed the PN Haksar papers maintained at the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in New Delhi. These papers document startling aspects of a war that is probably India’s finest military moment but has not been documented adequately. A diplomat, Haksar was also an adviser to the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

Raghavan’s research reveals that India’s ambassador to France DN Chatterjee began the process to get Israeli arms with a note to the external affairs ministry on July 6, 1971, saying assistance from Israel for “propaganda, finance and even procurement of armament and oil” would be “invaluable”.

Gandhi immediately accepted the proposal and through the country’s external intelligence agency R&AW began the process to get the arms through the tiny principality of Liechtenstein.

India didn’t have diplomatic ties with Israel at that time, having voted against its creation in 1948, and consistently supported the Arabs in the Israel-Palestine conflict.

Israel was in middle of an arms shortage but prime minister Golda Meir stepped in to divert arms meant for Iran to India. She sent a note addressed to Gandhi in Hebrew through Shlomo Zabuldowicz, the director of the firm handling the secret transfers, with a request for diplomatic ties in return for arms. The diplomatic ties, however, could only be established in 1992 when Narasimha Rao was the Indian PM.

1971 WAR: VICTORIOUS INDIA

WHO HELPED PAKISTAN:

Pakistan was a coward and weak country they can’t stand against India that’s why they seek for help to other countries. A long standing ally of Pakistan, China was encouraged by US to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India. However, due to lack of dominant positions on the Sino-Indian border, China demanded an immediate ceasefire.

Both the United States and the United Kingdom supplied arms to Pakistan in these years. After Pakistani troops invaded Kashmir, India moved quickly to internationalize the regional dispute. role in the First India-Pakistan War and end the current conflict.

How many Pakistani soldiers died in 1971 war

At the end of the war, around 93,000 Pakistani soldiers were captured by the allied forces. Pakistan had suffered the most number of casualties with approximately 8000 dead and 25,000 wounded. Around 3000 Indian soldiers died and 12,000 others were wounded in the war.

The war resulted in the independence of East Pakistan which was then recognized as Bangladesh. It was the fourth most populous Muslim country in the world at the time.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Prime minister-designate who was arrested after the 1970 elections, was released by Pakistan. He returned to Dhaka and became the first President of Bangladesh.

HOW MANY BRAVE INDIAN SOLDIERS MARTYRED:

The war, which lasted 13 days, ended with the surrender of nearly 90,000 Pakistani soldiers — the largest surrender by an Army since World War-II. India won the war decisively — splitting Pakistan into two, with the creation of Bangladesh.

The war, however, came at a price for India — nearly 3,900 Indian soldiers were killed and nearly 10,000 others injured, with many left to suffer from life-long disabilities.

Among the Indians fighting the war were five heroes whose unforgettable contribution led to the decisive win.

1971 WAR: VICTORIOUS INDIA

END OF THE WAR

On August 2, 1972 – eight months after the 13-day India-Pakistan war ended on December 16, 1971 – the two countries signed the Shimla Agreement under which India agreed to release all the 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war (POW) its army had taken during the course of the war. This proved to be a controversial decision, with many in India questioning why Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had squandered a golden opportunity to bargain with Pakistan and settle the Kashmir problem on India’s terms.

What motivated Mrs Gandhi to release the POWs? What went on behind the scenes? Were there any compelling circumstances at play that have remained unreported? If there were any, ideally they should be brought into the public domain, so that future generations may benefit from the lessons of history. Since I was personally privy to these developments, as a retired diplomat I can now tell the story, even if it has been more than 40 years since these events transpired.

December 16, 1971 – the day when Pakistan’s armed forces laid down their arms at a surrender ceremony in Dhaka before the joint command of the Indian armed forces and Bangladesh’s Mukti Bahini – was the finest hour in both India and Bangladesh’s military histories, one old and another new.

However as the two armed forces were celebrating their military victory against an unrelenting tormentor, Mrs Gandhi was pondering the other critical issues facing India.

1971 WAR: VICTORIOUS INDIA

FAQ

How many soldiers surrendered in 1971?

=>93,000 soldiers

  India is celebrating its victory over Pakistan in the Indo-Pak      war of 1971 as Vijay Diwas. On this day in 1971, the then  head of the Pakistan Army, General Khan Niazi, along with his 93,000 soldiers, surrendered unconditionally to the Indian Army

Why did Russia help India in 1971?

=>India supported the secession and, as a guarantee against possible Chinese entrance into the conflict on the side of West Pakistan, it signed with the Soviet Union the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in August 1971.

Did US attack India 1971?

=>Task Force 74 was a US Navy task force of the United States Seventh Fleet that was deployed to the Bay of Bengal by the Nixon administration in December 1971, at the height of the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.

List Of All Top Historic And Modern Events Of India Since 1947 - 2021 That Describe The Journey Of India

List Of All Top Historic And Modern Events Of India Since 1947 - 2021 That Describe The Journey Of India

1947-2021 on this time period, India took many steps to become one of the largest democracies in the world, overcoming a lot of challenges to earn global recognition. India has travelled a long way since Independence, leaving behind the others, that define its journey from the pain of Partition to a strong, powerful and developing nation.


In its independence, India has several achievements. It has built a strong economy (second fastest growing economy), democracy, lifted millions out of poverty, has become a space and nuclear power and developed.

Hawa Mahal


So In this article We are going to know about a few historic & modern achievements of India You Must Know & Feel Proud OF Being Indian. Jai Hind Jai Bharat.
Let’s Start….  


Following are the top and important developments, events, achievements in India’s journey since Independence:

1)    Partition (1947): In one of the most defining moments of India’s history, British India was divided into two countries India and Pakistan along sectarian lines. More than two lakh people were killed in ensuing riots and 14 million displaced.


2)    The first Kashmir War: It was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It ended with Maharaja Hari Singh signing an Instrument of Accession to India.


3)    Railway network nationalisation: Railways network was nationalised in 1951 and was initially divided into three zones. Indian Railways is now one of the world’s largest railway networks comprising 119,630 km of tracks and 7,216 stations.


4)    First general elections: India took a democratic leap by conducting its first general elections in 1951, with Congress registering a thumping victory by winning 364 of the 489 seats. 4)    Jawaharlal Nehru became India’s first prime minister.


5) Right to vote: From the very first day after Independence, India gave every adult the right to vote. In the US, the right to vote for every individual was given about 150 years after their independence.


6) First Asian Games: India hosted the first-ever Asian Games in the year 1951 in New Delhi.


7) Asia’s first nuclear reactor: India designed and built Asia’s first nuclear reactor Apsara nuclear reactor on August 4, 1956.
Mother India (directed by Mehboob Khan) was the first Indian movie to be nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar. 


8) First movie nominated for Oscars: Mother India (directed by Mehboob Khan) was the first Indian movie to be nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar in 1958.


9) Green Revolution: The Green Revolution in India in 1960 saw an increase in food grain production, with development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and pulses.


10) 1962 Sino-India war: The trigger for the war between India and China was a border issue, with the Chinese side refusing to accept the McMohan Line and Line of Actual Control. The war ended with China declaring a ceasefire in a month.


The 1962 Sino-India war ended with China declaring a ceasefire in a month. (Express archive)
11) Bank nationalisation: Fourteen banks were nationalised by the government on July 19, 1969. The second wave of nationalisation in banking came into effect on April 1980.


12) White Revolution: In 1970, India saw the White Revolution (Operation Flood) — the world’s biggest dairy development program, pioneered by Verghese Kurien. It transformed India from a milk deficient nation into the world’s largest milk producer.


13) 1971 Liberation of Bangladesh: East Pakistanis fought for independence from Pakistan and achieved it on March 26, 1971, under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.


14) Simla Agreement: India and Pakistan signed the pact in 1972 “to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations”.


15) Chipko Movement: The Chipko Andolan was a forest conservation movement in India. It began in 1973 in Reni village of Chamoli district, Uttarakhand.
The Chipko Andolan was a forest conservation movement in India 


16) Pokhran 1: India conducted its first nuclear test, codenamed “Smiling Buddha”, in the year 1974. With this, India broke into the list of five nuclear-powered nations.


17) 1974 JP Movement: It was a movement initiated by students in Bihar against misrule and corruption. It was led by socialist Jayaprakash Narayan.


18) First Indian satellite made: India designed first space satellite in 1975, named it after astronomer Aryabhata.


19) Emergency: Due to prevailing “internal tensions”, then prime minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of Emergency that lasted from 1975 to 1977. It resulted in the suspension of elections and curbing of civil liberties.

 

Emergency In India


20) 1976 mass sterilisation: The campaign was initiated by Sanjay Gandhi and saw about 6.2 million men sterilised in a year, with about 2000 dead owing to botched=-up surgeries.


21) Morarji Desai becomes first non-Congress PM: The Janata Party, a group of parties opposed to the Emergency, defeated the Congress in 1977 elections and Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress PM of independent India.


22) Mandal Commission formed: The Mandal Commission was set up in 1979 under BP Mandal to identify the socially and educationally backward classes of India.


23) India wins first Cricket World Cup: In 1983, India, under Kapil Dev, defeated West Indies by 43 runs to win its first cricket World Cup.
India lifted the cricket World cup for the first time under the leadership of Kapil Dev. 


24) India sends man into space in 1984: India sent its first astronaut, Rakesh Sharma, into space in 1984 in a joint mission with the Soviet Union.


25) Operation Blue Star: It was the codename for military action to remove militant leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers from the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar.


26) Anti-Sikh riots: The 1984 anti-Sikh massacre was a series of attacks against Sikhs after Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards. The carnage left nearly 3,000 people dead.


27) Bhopal gas tragedy: The Bhopal disaster was a gas leak incident on the night of December 3, 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh that killed more than 3000 people and left thousands with disabilities.
Sikhs fleeing the capital stranded at the New Delhi railway station on November 2 during 1984 riots in Delhi. (Express archive photo) 


28) Shah Bano case (1985): The Supreme Court had upheld the right to alimony in the case. But the Congress passed the Muslim Women (Protection on Divorce Act), 1986, overturning the SC verdict.


29) 1986 Bofors scandal: The Bofors scandal was a major corruption case involving the purchase of howitzer guns between India and Sweden and is believed to be one of the reasons for the downfall of the Rajiv Gandhi government in 1989 elections.


30) India hosts World Cup: The 1987 Cricket World Cup was held in India and Pakistan – the first such tournament to be held outside England. Australia lifted the trophy for the first time.


31) Bhagalpur riots 1989: The Bhagalpur riots of 1989 were one of the worst Hindu-Muslim violence in independent India at the time and violent incident continued for two months, leaving 1000 people dead and 50,000 displaced.


32) 1990 Mandal agitation: The whole country was in the grip of protests against giving government jobs to certain castes on the basis of birth.


33) 1990 Kuwait airlift: The 1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait was carried out from August 13, 1990, to October 20, 1990, after the invasion of Kuwait. Air India helped evacuate nearly 175,000 people.


34) 1991 globalisation of economy: Indian economy opened the doors for free trade by foreign investors.


35) Rajiv Gandhi assassinated: Then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil while on a campaign trail at Sriperumbudur on May 21, 1991.
Babri Majid demolition. (Express Archives) 


36) Babri Masjid demolition: On December 6, 1992, the disputed Babri Masjid at Ayodhya was demolished by Hindu nationalist groups leading to riots across India, Over 2,000 people were killed in the riots.


37) 1992 Securities scam: The 1992 Securities Scam is one of the biggest scams in the history of India stock market and was perpetrated by a stockbroker named Harshad Mehta.


38) Mumbai blasts: The 1993 Bombay blasts were a series of bombings coordinated by gangster Dawood Ibrahim. It resulted in over 250 deaths.


39) First BJP govt formed: In 1998, the BJP formed its first government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee but it lasted for only a year. Following fresh polls, BJP came back to power, becoming the first non-Congress government to do so.


40) Pokhran II: India conducted a series of five nuclear bomb tests at Pokhran, Rajasthan, in May 1998 under the codename “Operation Shakti”. It led to India becoming a full-fledged nuclear state.
PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the test site in Pokhran with DRDO chief A P J Abdul Kalam (left), and AEC Chairman and DAE Secretary R Chidambaram. Express Archive 


41) Delhi-Lahore bus service: In its inaugural run on February 19, 1999, the bus carried then PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee who was to attend a summit in Lahore.


42) 1999 Kargil war: India launched ‘Operation Vijay’ after Pakistani forces infiltrated inside LoC. The war ended in July, with India successfully recapturing Tiger Hill.


43) IC-814 hijack: Indian Airlines flight IC-814, on its way back to Delhi from Kathmandu, on December 24, 1999, was taken over by five Pakistani hijackers with 180 passengers and crew on board. They were released in exchange of three terrorists held by India.


44) Lahore declaration: In a bid to quell the tensions, India and Pakistan signed the Lahore Declaration in February 1999 to avoid unauthorised operational use of nuclear weapons.


45) Match-fixing scandal: In 2000, South Africa’s captain Hansie Cronje was in contact with match-fixing syndicates in India and had accepted bribes asking cricketers to deliberately under-perform. The names of Indian players like Mohammad Azharuddin and Ajay Jadeja also cropped up.


46) New states created: The new states of Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, and Jharkhand were formed on the 1st, 9th, and 15th of November 2000, respectively. It changed the count of Indian states from 25 to 28.


47) Golden Quadrilateral project: In 2001, the Vajpayee govt launched the Golden Quadrilateral, the largest highway project in India connecting four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.


 48) 2002 Gujarat riots: The burning of a train in Godhra on February 27, 2002, triggered one of the worst communal riots in the history of India, leaving 1,044 dead, 223 missing and 2,500 injured.


49) Right to Information Act: The RTI Act was passed by Parliament in 2005, throwing government departments open to scrutiny and helping people to acquire any information they want from government officials.


50) MGNREGA Act: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Development Act, which is the largest work guarantee programme in the world, was enacted in 2005 with the primary objective of guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households.


51) Reopening Nathu La: The mountain pass in the Himalayas that connects Sikkim and Tibet is one of the three open trading border posts between China and India. It was sealed by India after the 1962 Sino-Indian War. The pass was reopened in 2006.


52) 2004 tsunami: A huge tsunami triggered by a massive undersea earthquake in the Indian Ocean killed an estimated 10,000 people in India, affecting the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Andaman.


53) Chandrayaan 1: India successfully launched Chandrayaan in October 2008 to explore the moon. One of the greatest achievements of Chandrayaan was the discovery of water molecules in the lunar soil.


54) First gold medal in Olympics: Abhinav Bindra won the gold medal in the 10m Air Rifle event at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. He became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games.


55) 2008 Mumbai attacks: Pakistan-based terror outfit Lashkar-e-Taiba carried out a series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai in November 2008, leaving 166 people dead.


56) Right to Education Act: Parliament passed the RTE Bill in 2009, making education a fundamental right of every child and bridged the gap between different classes of society. It requires all private schools to reserve 25 per cent seats for poor children.


57) First indigenous nuclear submarine launched: On July 26, 2009, India launched INS Arihant, the country’s first indigenous nuclear submarine armed with ballistic missiles with a range of 3,500 km.


58) Commonwealth Games 2010: India hosted the 2010 Common Wealth Games in Delhi but it made noise for the corruption cases that followed. For the first time in the history of the Games, India won over 100 medals (101) and stood second, after Australia.


59) India wins second cricket world cup: On April 2, 2011, India lifted the cricket World Cup for the second time under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni by defeating Sri Lanka in the final.


60) Lokpal agitation: Spearheaded by activist Anna Hazare, India Against Corruption movement that began in 2011 was a series of protests held across India for a Jan Lokpal bill to check graft in politics. The bill was finally passed by Parliament in 2013.


61) National Food Security Act passed: The National Food Security Act, 2013 (also Right to Food Act), which aims to provide subsidised food grains to approximately two-thirds of India’s 1.2 billion people, was signed into law on September 12, 2013.


62) Mars Orbiter Mission: On November 5, 2013, Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launched Mars Orbiter Mission to probe Mars. It is the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt.


63) Polio eradication: In March 2014, the World Health Organisation certified the South-East Asian region – which includes India, a polio-free region.


64) Telangana statehood: On June 2, 2014, Telangana was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed 29th state with Hyderabad as its permanent capital.


65) India launches own GPS system: India successfully launched NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), an independent regional navigation satellite system on par with US-based GPS.


66) Demonetisation: In 2016, the government announced the demonetisation of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 banknotes.

Indian Currency

 


67) Goods and Services Tax: GST (Goods and Services Tax) is one indirect tax for the whole nation and became effective from July 1, 2017. It is the resultant tax after subsuming major central and state taxes.


68) SC strikes down triple talaq: The Supreme Court struck down the practice of instant triple talaq or talaq-e-biddat in which Muslim men divorce their wives by uttering talaq three times in quick succession.


69) SC decriminalises homosexuality: The Supreme Court restored a landmark Delhi High Court judgment in 2018 that decriminalised homosexuality.


70) Tejas gets nod clearance to be inducted in IAF: In February 2019, India’s first indigenously developed light combat aircraft Tejas received the final operational clearance for induction into IAF.


71) Mission Shakti: On March 27, 2019, India successfully conducted Mission Shakti – an anti-satellite missile test that could destroy satellites in space through missiles on the ground.


72) Chnadrayaan 2: In India’s quest to land its first spacecraft on the moon, Chandrayaan-2, riding the powerful GSLV Mk-III rocket, was successfully launched at 2.43 pm on July 22 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota.


73) J&K bifurcation and end of special status: On August 6, 2019, the Parliament passed a bill dividing Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories of J&K and Ladakh and also adopted a resolution scrapping special status of the state under Article 370.


74) Building bricks on moon : A team of researchers from the Indian Institute of Science  and Indian Space Research Organisation has developed a sustainable process for making brick-like structures on the moon . The process involves extracting lunar soil and using bacteria and guar beans to harden the soil into brick-like structures for habitation on the moon in the future.
The cost of sending one pound of material to outer space is about Rs 7.5 lakh, whereas this new process, which can be sourced from human urine and lunar soil as raw materials, considerably decrease the overall expenditure. 


75) India's first hydrogen fuel cell car : CSIR hydrogen fuel cell vehicle India's first hydrogen fuel-cell powered car completed the trials this year. The technology uses chemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen (from air) to generate electrical energy, eliminating the use of fossil fuels.
Further, the fuel cell technology emits only water, thus cutting down the emission of harmful greenhouse gases along with other air pollutants.


76) X-ray signature of boundary around black holes : A team led by Indian scientists has found a distinctive signature of cosmic X-rays to identify the boundary around black holes, which "unmistakably separate them" from other objects in the cosmos such as neutron stars that are comparable in mass and size. 


77) Raja Chari to go to space : Raja Jon Vurputoor Chari, is the American of Indian descent after Kalpana Chawla who has been selected by Nasa for a space mission.
43-year-old Chari is a colonel in the US Air Force and he became a Nasa astronaut in 2017.
Chari is the only Indian-American among 18 chosen for Nasa’s mission to the moon and beyond. This will be his first spaceflight.


78) COVID IN INDIA : The COVID-19 pandemic  was confirmed to have spread to India on 30 January 2020 from China.The 1st case of COVID-19 was spotted in Kerala in India.

COVID In India

 


79) TRUMP Visit to India : February 24 – 25 – U.S. President Donald Trump visited India for a two-day state visit, addressed a "Namaste (Welcome) Trump" event with Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Ahmedabad. Toured Mahatma Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram and the Taj Mahal at Agra.[3] Received a formal welcome from President Ram Nath Kovind at the Rashtrapati Bhavan Presidential Palace in New Delhi. Conducted a series of meetings with Prime minister Modi and other government officials, as well as Indian business executives.


80) Lockdown in India : Prime Minister Modi announced a 21-day lockdown starting midnight of March 25 throughout India until 14 April to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Then extended lockdown throughout the month of April, to check the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. Further Lockdown increased.


81) Humanoid Vyommitra : Isro’s Vyommitra will ride to space in the first test flight of the human space mission, Gaganyaan. She is being called a half-humanoid since she will only have a head, two hands and a torso, and will not have lower limbs. She will simulate human functions before real astronauts take off.
She can detect and warn if environmental changes within the cabin get uncomfortable to astronauts and change the air condition. 


82) The Farm Acts : Three Bills on agriculture reforms are introduced in the Parliament to replace the ordinances issued during the lockdown on June 5. The Starting Of Farmers Protest against these farm acts.

Farmer's Acts

 


83) Earth observation satellite : Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) restarted its satellite launch operations on November 7 by putting into orbit the Earth Observation Satellite and nine other foreign satellites in a text book style, using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. With this launch, Isro put into orbit a total of 328 foreign satellites, all for a fee. 


84) Uttar Pradesh Anti Love Jihad Law : The Uttar Pradesh state cabinet cleared the ordinance of the Uttar Pradesh Anti Love Jihad Law on 24 November 2020 following which it was approved and signed by state Governor Anandiben Patel on 28 November 2020. Madhya Pradesh government approved a so-called anti conversion bill similar to the Uttar Pradesh one.


85) Vaccine Of  COVID-19 :  Finally got a good news some of vaccines are approved for vaccination by different Countries.

 

I wish All Of You that God gives you everything you want to acheive in 2021.

We all will see more amazing events by this year too. And Get releif by this pandemic. Be Healthy...

Emergency In India (1975 - 1977) - The Complete Story Of Emergency

 Emergency In India (1975 - 1977) - The Complete Story Of Emergency

 

Emergency In India (1975-1977)
Emergency In India (1975-1977)


What is an 'emergency' ?

Emergency is a provision in the Indian constitution, which is used when the country is in danger of any internal, external or financial threat.

 

Why is an Emergency needed?

The framers of the Constitution had envisioned a state of emergency keeping in mind the times in which the unity, integrity and security of the country are endangered. Keeping this in mind, some such provisions were made, under which the central government could take serious decisions without any restriction.

For example, if a neighboring country attacks us like ,

(Emergency In India (1975 - 1977) - The Complete Story Of Emergency)

 then our government should not pass any kind of bill in Parliament for retaliation. Since there is parliamentary democracy in our country, our country has to first pass a bill in Parliament to fight any country. But there are such provisions in the Constitution for emergency situations,

Under which the central government gets more powers and the central government is able to take decisions on its own. The Central Government gets the powers to take the country out of emergency.

Provision of three types of emergency in the constitution

There are three types of emergency mentioned in the Indian constitution.

1.     National Emergency

2.     State Emergency

3.     Economic Emergency

 

1. National Emergency (Article 352)

National emergency can be declared in the country under severe conditions. It can be announced on the basis of war, external aggression and national security. During an emergency, the government has unlimited rights, which it can use in any form, but all the rights of ordinary citizens are taken away. The National Emergency is implemented by the President on the recommendation of the Cabinet.

 

During this emergency, Article 19 of the fundamental rights mentioned in the constitution is automatically suspended. But during this, Article 20 and Article 21 remain in existence.

2. President's rule or State Emergency (Article 356)

Under Article 356 of the Constitution, in view of the political crisis in the state, the President can declare a state of emergency in the concerned state. When the political and constitutional system of a state fails or the state is unable to comply with any directives of the executive of the center, then only in this situation the President's rule applies.

In this situation, except for the judicial functions of the state, the center takes all the state administration authority into its own hands. With some modifications, its limit can be at least 2 months and up to 3 years at most. Usually, when state governments fail to run the government as per the constitution, the President declares emergency on the recommendation of the Center.

3. Economic emergency (Article 360)

By the way, the economic emergency has not been implemented in the country so far. But it is well defined in the constitution. Under Article 360, the President can declare an economic emergency when he feels that there is an economic crisis in the country, due to which the financial stability or goodwill of India is threatened.

If the country ever faces odd situations like economic crisis and the government falls on the verge of bankruptcy or the Indian economy is on the verge of collapse, then this article of economic emergency can be used. is. In such an emergency, the country will have the right over the money and property of ordinary citizens.

Explain that out of the three emergency situations mentioned in the Indian Constitution, except for the economic emergency, both have been implemented.

Story Of Emergency In India (1975 - 1977)

Indira Gandhi

 

 

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Who declared the National Emergency with the President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.

Emergency was declared in India over a period of 21 months from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977. The then President, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared a state of emergency under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution at the behest of the then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. This was the most controversial and undemocratic period in the history of independent India.

Elections were postponed in the Emergency and civil rights were abolished arbitrarily. Indira Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and banned from the press. A massive vasectomy campaign was carried out under the leadership of the Prime Minister's son Sanjay Gandhi. Jayaprakash Narayan called it 'the darkest period of Indian history'.

 (Emergency In India (1975 - 1977) - The Complete Story Of Emergency)

Between 1967 and 1971, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi took control of the government and the Indian National Congress Party as well as an overwhelming majority in Parliament. Indira Gandhi cleverly separated her rivals, which led to the Congress split and 1969. - In two parts, the Congress (O) (known as "Syndicate" which includes the old guard) and the Congress (R) which was on Indira's side got divided.

After this Indira Gandhi became autocratic. Congress meant Indira Gandhi. Spices like Devakant Barua started to sing the melody of 'Indira is India and India is Indira'. All the sources of both organization and governance were in the hands of Indira Gandhi. In such an environment, the ruling people become dictators. Around Indira Gandhi, an arbitrary group of Bansi Lal, Vidyashankar Shukla, Sanjay Gandhi, Siddharth Shankar Ray etc. became.

 

'Navnirman Andolan'

 

'Navnirman Andolan'


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On the other hand, socialist leader Rajnarayan had sued Indira Gandhi for adopting wrong means in Rae Bareli election. Yashpal Kapoor, Steno of Indira Gandhi, worked in his election while in government service. He was most likely to lose in court. She was very upset by this. Here, the students of Gujarat launched the 'Navnirman Andolan' against the corrupt rule of Chimanbhai Patel. This movement reached Bihar through Gujarat.

 (Emergency In India (1975 - 1977) - The Complete Story Of Emergency)

Indira Gandhi left no stone unturned to crush the movement. Nanaji Deshmukh of Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Govindacharya of Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad and Sushil Modi etc. were also fully active. At the Patna rally held on November 4, 1974, Nanaji lay down on him to save JP from lathicharge. This broke his hand; But JP survived.

 

Role of RSS

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was banned because it was believed that the organization was close to the opposition leaders and its large organizational base was likely to protest against the government. The police cracked down on this organization and thousands of its activists were imprisoned. The RSS challenged the ban and thousands of volunteers participated in the satyagraha against the ban and the violation of fundamental rights.

 

Protest by Sikhs

The whole of India was in a state of shock after the leaders of all opposition parties and other outspoken critics of the government were arrested and sent behind bars. Shortly after the declaration of emergency, the Sikh leadership held meetings in Amritsar where they resolved to oppose the "fascist tendency of the Congress". The first mass protest in the country was organized by the Akali Dal, known as the "Campaign for the Defense of Democracy". It was launched on 6 July in Amritsar.

First Non-Congress Government

Morarji Desai: First Non-Congress Prime Minister (1977–1979)

 

First Non-Congress Government

Nearly two years after the imposition of the Emergency, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi recommended dissolution of the Lok Sabha and holding elections. The decision to impose emergency in elections proved fatal for the Congress. Indira Gandhi herself lost the election to her stronghold Rae Bareli. The Janata Party came to power with an overwhelming majority and Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister.

(Emergency In India (1975 - 1977) - The Complete Story Of Emergency)

The number of Congress members in Parliament was reduced from 350 to 153 and after 30 years a non-Congress government was formed at the Center. The Congress did not get a single seat in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. The new government constituted the Shah Commission to investigate the decisions taken during the Emergency. However, the new government lasted only two years and the government collapsed in 1979 due to internal contradictions.

Deputy Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh raised the question of dual membership of some ministers who were also members of the Jana Sangh. On this issue, Charan Singh withdrew his support from the government and formed the government with the support of the Congress, but lasted only five months. The name of the Prime Minister, who never went to Parliament, was recorded.

During The Emergency

 

The Situation Of People

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1975

i.        On 12 June 1975, Indira Gandhi was found guilty by the Allahabad High Court and was evicted from the post for six years. 14 charges such as bribing voters on Indira Gandhi, misuse of government machinery, misuse of government resources were proved but habitually Mrs. Gandhi ridiculed the judiciary by not accepting them. Raj Narayan filed the case in 1971 after losing to Indira Gandhi at Rae Bareli. This decision was delivered by Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha.

ii.      On 24 June 1975, the Supreme Court upheld the order, but allowed Indira to continue in the Prime Minister's chair, which was also required to happen as it happens in the monarchy.

iii.    On 25 June 1975, Jayaprakash Narayan called for a nationwide protest till Indira resigned despite her unwillingness.

iv.   On June 25, 1975, after passing the President's Ordinance, the Government imposed the Emergency.

1976

i.        September 1976 - Sanjay Gandhi orders mandatory vasectomy across the country. The intention of the government behind this vasectomy was to control the population of the country. Under this, sterilization was done against the will of the people. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the program is disputed, with some authors directly attributing Gandhi to his authoritarianism, And other writers blaming the authorities who implemented the program instead of Gandhi himself. Rukhsana Sultana was a socialist known for being one of Sanjay Gandhi's close associates and gained much notoriety in the leadership of Sanjay Gandhi's sterilization campaign in the Muslim areas of Old Delhi.

1977

i.            January 14 - Indira Gandhi dissolved the Lok Sabha and announced that there will be general elections for the Lok Sabha in March. All political prisoners were released.

ii.          March 23 - Emergency ends

iii.    March 14 - 20 - Elections to the 7th Lok Sabha are over. The Janata Party came to power with an overwhelming majority. The number of Congress members in Parliament was reduced from 350 to 153 and after 30 years a non-Congress government was formed at the Center. Indira Gandhi herself and Sanjay Gandhi lost the election. Morarji Desai became Prime Minister. The Congress did not get a single seat in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and Delhi.

iv.       The new government constituted the Shah Commission to investigate decisions taken during the Emergency.

 

Conclusion

The conclusions drawn by Nanaji from his experience do not seem to be wrong. Because most of the anti-Emergency leaders and parties are now sitting in the lap of the Congress. The only exception is the union and the social and political institutions of union thought.
(Emergency In India (1975 - 1977) - The Complete Story Of Emergency)

Black days like 1975 may not come again; But when the true democracy will come in India, this question definitely worries those who went to jail for the protection of democracy or who conducted the movement underground.

 

 

 

 

 


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